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June 17, 2021

Data in DNA. Storing Data Biologically

Data in DNA. Storing Data Biologically
BY: TARTLE

Bio Data

People keep using science to expand our horizons. From the automobile, to penicillin, to Mars landers, we’ve used science to develop some cool stuff. We’ve even spoken in this space about quantum computing. Now, what if I told you we can store data in bacteria? No joke, it turns out we can. This concept was explored recently by scientists studying E. coli.

These bacteria produce a good deal of plasma. It turns this can be altered by adjusting the electrical current going through this plasma. The current has a binary pattern to it and what the current does is not just cause the E. coli to produce more plasma, it also imprints its pattern on the cells themselves. Scientists did this with CRISPR arrays, originally developed as part of the Human Genome Project when the millennium was young. If you are wondering what these scientists encoded on the bacteria, it was something pretty simple, the phrase ‘Hello, world’. That may not seem like a whole lot but every major development starts with a simple experiment. Remember, ENIAC, the first computer, was big enough to fill a large room. Now a handheld device contains many times the computing power of that behemoth.  

Research in this field has been going on for years, driven by predictions that our ability to store data will soon be exceeded by the amount of data we are generating in the near future. Recognizing that there is a massive amount of data stored in a DNA strand, scientists have been working to see if it could be altered to store data. This new study from Columbia University represents the latest development in the process of learning to make organic computers. While we aren’t there yet, Columbia researchers show that electricity could be a vital component in turning bacteria into hard drives. One of the most exciting aspects of this research is that it looks like the bacteria can actually pass on its data to offspring. That means two things. One, it should be possible to duplicate entire drives worth of data by just growing it. Two, it means that data could be stored virtually indefinitely as it is passed down through multiple generations of bacteria. 

The implications of this developing technology are staggering. There is the possibility of growing storage devices that are incredibly small with insane levels of capacity yet run on a minimum of electricity and could also have back-ups stored in a literal petri dish. This could open up more third world countries to technology, making it possible to make use of cutting edge technology in areas of the world where there is no infrastructure. 

And just for fun, let your imagination run wild for a minute. Remember The Matrix and the way they could download any information they needed into their brains in a few moments? What if that were actually possible? What if we could find a way to store all the accumulated knowledge of humanity in our brains and access it whenever we want? Yes, that’s pretty out there but…what if? Sure, it would be prohibitively expensive for all but a few. At least at first. Technology has a way of becoming more widely available at a cheaper price over time. Think about flat screen TVs. When they first came out, they were north of $5000. Now you can pick one up for $500 that has better resolution, is twice the size, and streams content straight from the internet. There is every reason to think that the kind of biotech being imagined will follow a similar path. 

How can you help make that happen? One of the many kinds of data that you can choose to share through TARTLE and our data marketplace is your genome. By sharing that with researchers at universities and businesses you can provide them with the information they need to build the technology that will take the next step in making the impossible not just real, but common. 

What’s your data worth? Sign up and join the TARTLE Marketplace with this link here.

Summary
Data in DNA. Storing Data Biologically
Title
Data in DNA. Storing Data Biologically
Description

People keep using science to expand our horizons. From the automobile, to penicillin, to Mars landers, we’ve used science to develop some cool stuff. We’ve even spoken in this space about quantum computing. Now, what if I told you we can store data in bacteria? No joke, it turns out we can. This concept was explored recently by scientists studying E. coli.

Feature Image Credit: Envato Elements
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For those who are hard of hearing – the episode transcript can be read below:

TRANSCRIPT

Speaker 1 (00:08):

Welcome to TARTLE Cast, with your hosts Alexander McCaig and Jason Rigby. Where humanity steps into the future and source data defines the path.

Alexander McCaig (00:26):

I wonder what the salad or the lettuce was saying at Chipotle when it got E.coli. What data was it carrying. "Non organic. Not organic. I'm going to kill you." Yeah. "Death on the human race."

Jason Rigby (00:43):

Yes. Exactly. It's its only way to get revenge back. "You cut me from my parents."

Alexander McCaig (00:48):

"Put me in the toilet."

Jason Rigby (00:50):

"You sliced me in half."

Alexander McCaig (00:51):

Yeah. "You chopped me up. I was happy being E.coli out in the farm field."

Jason Rigby (00:55):

Speaking of lettuce, Chipotle, E.coli. Why are you bringing up E.coli, bro? Is this a disease episode?

Alexander McCaig (01:03):

No, no, no. It was very interesting studies that have been done using the CRISPR machine. And the CRISPR is the thing that helps with analyzing DNA, splicing, putting it together, all this other things.

Jason Rigby (01:15):

It's not an air fryer?

Alexander McCaig (01:16):

No. The CRISPR [crosstalk 00:01:18]. C-R-I-S-P-R. The CRISPR. Don't ask me what it stands for. Get out of the way. Sorry, there was a bug.

Jason Rigby (01:25):

A gnat.

Alexander McCaig (01:26):

Yeah. A gnat. Nagging me. It's back, it's haunting me. So anyway, the E.coli. They're doing an interesting study with the genetics of E.coli in the plasma it was producing. And the study was great because it was like, well, can you actually store data in genetics? Much like you're writing data to a hard drive. Well, how does that work here? And this is really cool. What they found... In the most general sense and then we can open this up into almost like a philosophical thing in what this really means. Is that the E.coli has a certain amount of plasma on this Petri dish. So if it lives in a state where there's no voltage actually going through it, just in its own natural state of growing, it lacks a magnitude in increase of plasma that would happen when they actually start to put a small amount of voltage through it.

Alexander McCaig (02:15):

Now the voltage that is charging up this E.coli plasma, right? The DNA of the E.coli is being carried in a pattern inform that carries a binary signature of zeros and ones. And at the very base of all of our machines is zero one. It's that binary code. And the pattern of that 01101111100 whatever it might be, gives you a character or a number or some piece of data that you can look at. And these researchers encoded into the electrical frequency, the voltage going through the words, "Hello world." Which is a pretty basic thing you see in starting off your computer programming skills.

Alexander McCaig (03:04):

And what they found is that as they continually induced that plasma within the E.coli, the genetics of it, that it began to reproduce with an increase in plasma. So multiple times. So instead of me in a state of like, okay, we have one plasma for simplicity, now it has three of them that E.coli starts to grow with. And as it does that, it carries the same energetic signature, voltage frequency in it. So every single new E.coli that came out was still imprinted with the zero and ones of hello world. So it was reproducing that information because it was carrying that electronic signature with it that was making that plasma grow.

Jason Rigby (03:42):

So we need biological server farms.

Alexander McCaig (03:46):

Well, this is really-

Jason Rigby (03:47):

Because that would just increase-

Alexander McCaig (03:49):

This is cool.

Jason Rigby (03:50):

Yeah. Think about DNA strands, storing data on DNA strands.

Alexander McCaig (03:55):

Well, yeah. You know what would be an interesting study? And this is kind of out there. Much like that guy who was dealing with making crystals grow differently in water and how you think about it. What if I was injecting my whole crop field and I said, "Let's type in die, die, die, die, die, sick, sick, sick, sick, sick, become unhealthy." And the crops are just withering. So that signature that it's carrying [crosstalk 00:04:20] growth. Or I was like, "Happiness, flowers, yay, sunlight, growth." And these things are blooming huge weeds.

Jason Rigby (04:28):

Yeah. That would be interesting if that same study that they did with water, if that would coincide with [inaudible 00:04:34]. Because as each cell's growing, it's multiplying that message over and over.

Alexander McCaig (04:39):

It's multiplying that message. So I wonder if-

Jason Rigby (04:40):

But I wonder if they resonate with that message. Does that plant cell know hello world or I love you. [crosstalk 00:04:49]. Yeah.

Alexander McCaig (04:50):

Did the E.coli becomes stronger? And then that makes me wonder, can we just charge up a human's electrical body?

Jason Rigby (04:59):

Ooh, this is interesting.

Alexander McCaig (05:00):

Or maybe our thoughts are releasing an energetic signature in our conscious through our brain and that's charging our DNA or our cells. There's a lot of interesting things that can come from this. But the cool part about it is that some sort of data can be stored, and that it's being stored with those electrical signals that are going through it. And I think it's very, very neat that using the CRISPR machine has opened up to this new area of study. And then we can be like, "Well, how much data can a cell actually hold? How much data does DNA hold in its just one little chromosome?"

Jason Rigby (05:33):

Yeah. And most of these studies, these CRISPR studies were done when they were doing it with animals, they were done on dead animals. So they're actually deciding whether they should do them on living animals or not. I mean, it's not going to hurt the animal.

Alexander McCaig (05:46):

Well, E.coli, is that an animal?

Jason Rigby (05:48):

Yeah. Yeah. I mean, kind of.

Alexander McCaig (05:48):

It's a bacteria.

Jason Rigby (05:50):

Right. But they just don't want to edit strands. The information they contained could conceivably passed on to the offspring, allowing data to be stored for very long periods of time.

Alexander McCaig (06:01):

Yeah. That's what I'm saying. So you could actually have, instead of having... This is great.

Jason Rigby (06:06):

Rabbits. Can you imagine rabbits. Rabbits-

Alexander McCaig (06:08):

We're going way out there. You ready for this?

Jason Rigby (06:09):

Yeah.

Alexander McCaig (06:11):

Okay. The... What is it? It starts with an M. Not mitochondria. What's the mushrooms, the fungi species?

Jason Rigby (06:13):

Oh, I know what you're talking about.

Alexander McCaig (06:13):

Starts with an M. Has the trees communicating.

Jason Rigby (06:23):

Yeah. Yeah. You mentioned it the other day.

Alexander McCaig (06:26):

Crap. What's it called?

Jason Rigby (06:27):

It's not mitochondria. That's what I'm thinking.

Alexander McCaig (06:29):

Mycelium.

Jason Rigby (06:30):

Yes. Mycelium.

Alexander McCaig (06:31):

Bang. Okay. The biggest organism on earth is mycelium. So what if I sent all of my data, my Bitcoin keys and everything and I stored it in the mycelium. I'm literally putting these rods in the ground and I'm charging up the mycelium so that as it reproduces it holds my banking information. Just think about this. Why would I have to rely on the servers above the ground when I can just store information in the earth's crust?

Jason Rigby (07:02):

That's what I was getting at with the biological cloud servers. Why would you even need the cloud?

Alexander McCaig (07:06):

Dude, resilience.

Jason Rigby (07:07):

Yeah.

Alexander McCaig (07:08):

Now I don't have to worry about silicone and copper wires smashing and hitting a solar flare. The animals aren't going to die, the planet species are going to die. Can't I just store it in the plants?

Jason Rigby (07:18):

Yeah. Exactly.

Alexander McCaig (07:19):

Ooh, this is exciting to think about. We're talking about data being stored in organic material. I think you and I are taking the first branch. This is the olive branch over to science. Let's make the bridge between computer and organic systems. Ooh.

Jason Rigby (07:34):

Yes. Yeah. Quantum computing is all based off the brain, anyway.

Alexander McCaig (07:37):

Yeah. But what wears different? How are we listening to these signals? I'm talking about actually storing things in organic material. What if I had started to build out some sort of smart AI learning... What if I pumped algorithms into the mycelium?

Jason Rigby (07:50):

Yeah. And then it just began to grow with those same... How much data could you store in a plant?

Alexander McCaig (07:56):

Yeah. What if I just inject the energetic signature of one of Beethoven's songs? They say classical music helps plants grow. What if this stuff starts to flourish when we start pumping music into it? I want it to store a symphony.

Jason Rigby (08:10):

Yes.

Alexander McCaig (08:11):

This is pretty awesome. Are you feeling it?

Jason Rigby (08:14):

Yeah, yeah, yeah.

Alexander McCaig (08:14):

This is exciting. You're going to see me in the next day and I'm going to have rods stuck in my body and I'm going to be like, "Give it all to me."

Jason Rigby (08:21):

You're talking to the mycelium.

Alexander McCaig (08:23):

"Alex, what are you doing?" "I'm downloading the internet, Jason. I have plenty of DNA to store it."

Jason Rigby (08:30):

Yeah. I know our DNA is mass amounts of information.

Alexander McCaig (08:34):

Holds a huge amount of information.

Jason Rigby (08:35):

Our brain, I would imagine holds huge amounts of information, so why couldn't we hold Wikipedia?

Alexander McCaig (08:42):

I don't see why we couldn't.

Jason Rigby (08:42):

Yeah. And then how do we-

Alexander McCaig (08:46):

Whoa. Imagine if we had a chair, okay? And this chair puts rods, not in a harmful way, into your nervous system.

Jason Rigby (08:56):

Like a charging system. Yeah.

Alexander McCaig (08:58):

And you sit down and you download... Hear me out. Okay. All right. I'm taking you on a journey. I'm going to sit down a chair, I got all these scientists, we're 20 years in the future, maybe 50. I sit down on this really cool looking sci-fi chair, it's all stainless steel and stuff. And this rod or tube will go into my back, and they start injecting this electrical signal into my body. And what it's doing is it's downloading the internet, languages, mathematics, and it's storing it in my cells. So then as I go to try and receive it in my brain, I already have all that information stored in there, so I don't have to go outside and learn it. I'm already preemptively ready to do it because my cells have now inherited that information.

Jason Rigby (09:35):

Well, it's even more than your cells inheriting because you recreate your body, what? Every seven years.

Alexander McCaig (09:39):

Every seven years.

Jason Rigby (09:39):

And then with the E.coli, they were multiplying with that same information. So all your new cells that are growing-

Alexander McCaig (09:45):

Are going to multiply with that info.

Jason Rigby (09:46):

Are multiplying with that information.

Alexander McCaig (09:48):

And so think about what if I put in an algorithm that says, "No cancer"?

Jason Rigby (09:51):

Yes.

Alexander McCaig (09:52):

Oh. What if I stopped all those bad family genetic problems and I'm just injecting all this electrical frequency of algorithm into my body, that's telling me to be healthy, learn faster, talk clear, whatever it might be? Or regrow cells in my eyes, so I'm not going to go blind. Dude, think about that.

Jason Rigby (10:08):

Yeah.

Alexander McCaig (10:09):

But I was just sitting in this chair. And what am I doing? I'm doing the download. What do you hear? Just a low hum. And it's just the internet's getting sucked down into my body.

Jason Rigby (10:15):

Yeah. That would be-

Alexander McCaig (10:16):

Only the good stuff.

Jason Rigby (10:17):

Yeah, yeah, yeah. Could you imagine that? Yeah.

Alexander McCaig (10:20):

[inaudible 00:10:20] eyes.

Jason Rigby (10:20):

Yeah. I do not want any Twitter data in my body.

Alexander McCaig (10:26):

Dude, I was just thinking about this. They give you a list and the first offering is like, "Do you want Twitter data?" No, no, no. We don't want that. [crosstalk 00:10:33].

Jason Rigby (10:33):

I want all the books and Wikipedia.

Alexander McCaig (10:35):

Yeah. I want all Google scams. I want the Gutenberg Project. You know what I mean?

Jason Rigby (10:39):

I want all that. Yeah. I'll take the classical music, I'll take the plays, I'll take artwork.

Alexander McCaig (10:45):

I'll take all languages and I'll take any sort of mathematics encyclopedia.

Jason Rigby (10:49):

Yeah, yeah. Exactly. Yeah.

Alexander McCaig (10:50):

I'm good.

Jason Rigby (10:51):

Yeah. I don't need anything else.

Alexander McCaig (10:53):

See you later.

Jason Rigby (10:53):

Yeah. I don't want my data to get infected.

Alexander McCaig (10:58):

Are we onto something?

Jason Rigby (10:59):

We're onto something. I think these guys are onto something.

Alexander McCaig (11:01):

Dude, that's kind of cool though if you think about it. That's what this extrapolates into. And I see no reason why I can't inject E.coli with information and do it to myself.

Jason Rigby (11:09):

Yeah. And this is the very early stages. So a lot of people are worried about CRISPR. And we're going to have designer babies, which I don't see an issue with that. If you wanted you-

Alexander McCaig (11:18):

Dude, let me ask you something.

Jason Rigby (11:19):

Yeah.

Alexander McCaig (11:20):

I'm glad you brought this, I've been thinking about this a lot. What is the holdback on genetic engineering of human beings? I don't get it. If I told you you're not going to have terminal illnesses, you're never going to go blind, your hearing will always be perfect, we can make sure that your baby always comes out absolutely healthy, you're always going to be in peak physical condition. All these beautiful things. You never lose hair, you always look good, you won't age as fast. Why wouldn't you want to have that?

Jason Rigby (11:53):

It's the wave of the future. And they were talking about right now they can make your skin purple, you could have yellow eyes. So as people with-

Alexander McCaig (12:00):

Jaundice.

Jason Rigby (12:01):

Yeah, yeah. I mean, I could imagine Elon Musk wife, she'd probably love to have... I don't know her.

Alexander McCaig (12:08):

I don't know her.

Jason Rigby (12:09):

But she seems like cosplay, real cool to all that stuff.

Alexander McCaig (12:11):

What's her name? Greemer?

Jason Rigby (12:12):

Yeah. Something like Grime?

Alexander McCaig (12:13):

Grimes. Grimes.

Jason Rigby (12:14):

Yeah. Grimes. Yeah. But I mean, she seems like she would love to have a purple baby with yellow eyes.

Alexander McCaig (12:20):

Yeah. Why not?

Jason Rigby (12:21):

You know what I mean? And it's like, why not?

Alexander McCaig (12:23):

When I think about it, it's-

Jason Rigby (12:24):

It's preference. It's like sexual preference. It's not a big deal.

Alexander McCaig (12:27):

Whatever.

Jason Rigby (12:28):

Yeah. Whatever.

Alexander McCaig (12:29):

And think about this too. When people are like, "Well, you made the choice for the child." And all that other stuff. Well, I don't know about what sort of morals [crosstalk 00:12:37].

Jason Rigby (12:36):

No. Let's get into this. So let's think about this. This is very good.

Alexander McCaig (12:39):

All right. Okay. All right.

Jason Rigby (12:40):

So you made a choice when you were smoking those cigarettes when they were inside your womb, and that fast food that you ate made that genetic choice. Do you see what I'm saying.

Alexander McCaig (12:49):

Then let me ask you this. What is the threshold then for genetic engineering? Does it prolong human life? Yes. Is it something that is just to make someone look better in a physical appearance only? Probably not the best thing to do.

Jason Rigby (13:07):

Yeah. I don't see a problem with it.

Alexander McCaig (13:09):

No, I'm not saying it's a problem.

Jason Rigby (13:11):

The problem that I see with it it's when it creates the haves and the have nots. And that's a problem with technology as we get the Neuralink and all these things. The people that can afford to do this, will do this. And so now you're creating these-

Alexander McCaig (13:23):

Well now Jason, hold on a second. [crosstalk 00:13:26].

Jason Rigby (13:25):

It's a farce. Only for a brief.

Alexander McCaig (13:28):

Only for a brief amount of time. Why? Because now you've already altered the genetics, so as they have children, they'll all carry all those great genes with them.

Jason Rigby (13:34):

Well, also this, you know as well as I do, a flat screen TV was five grand, now they are 300 bucks. So as technology, yeah, the early adopters will be there, but competition... Capitalism, this is a good part of capitalism, pushes the cost down and everybody will be able to afford it.

Alexander McCaig (13:50):

And procreation.

Jason Rigby (13:52):

But I mean, if we'll pay $5,000 for a dog or two grand for dog, why wouldn't you not pay 10 grand to have a perfect baby?

Alexander McCaig (13:59):

Yeah. You'd want that. You'd want to help the child.

Jason Rigby (14:00):

Or 25 grand or whatever.

Alexander McCaig (14:01):

And if you're living longer, you've increased the amount of experience you have in this life, you have a higher chance of becoming wise, you have more probability of doing good, and for other people doing not good. But you'd hope at that point we're come to some sort of intelligence that if you can genetically manipulate data, genetic data at that level, that we probably have some stronger morals here.

Jason Rigby (14:24):

Can we do a personal experience for another show? I had my youngest son's stem cells collected. I have never looked at their data privacy law.

Alexander McCaig (14:39):

Can you look that up?

Jason Rigby (14:40):

I'm going to go in the company and print it out and we're going to do an episode on it.

Alexander McCaig (14:44):

That's cool.

Jason Rigby (14:45):

Because they said if I get Parkinson's or whatever, I have 50% chance of being cured from it from off of... And they send me these emails all about things that they're doing. But I wonder if they're taking those stem cells from my ex-wife, are they taking those and then selling part of it, the information they've extracted from it?

Alexander McCaig (15:06):

Dude, this is a great question.

Jason Rigby (15:08):

You see what I'm saying?

Alexander McCaig (15:08):

You should ask them.

Jason Rigby (15:09):

Yeah. I'm going to. I guarantee they have to have a privacy agreement.

Alexander McCaig (15:14):

Yeah. And then we'll talk about it on an episode.

Jason Rigby (15:16):

I'm going to print it out. Yeah. Because this is the wave of the future. That's a long time ago when it started. And I encourage everybody to do that. We'll find out about the privacy part. Because it helps solve diseases.

Alexander McCaig (15:27):

Yeah. On TARTLE you can share your genome data.

Jason Rigby (15:29):

Yeah. Because I know this is the conspiracy with abortion clinics, is that they're taking stem cells and all that stuff and feed it and then selling it third-party.

Alexander McCaig (15:42):

Really? I didn't know that.

Jason Rigby (15:42):

This is a problem. You can read about it online. This is news.

Alexander McCaig (15:44):

This is wild. I'm going to have to look it up.

Jason Rigby (15:46):

And we'll talk about this. But they're selling it third-party and then using that for different experiments and stuff like that.

Alexander McCaig (15:52):

Wild. Conspiracy.

Jason Rigby (15:54):

Yeah. So scientific experiences. And that we may have to do an episode on that.

Alexander McCaig (15:59):

[inaudible 00:15:59] this genetic engineering has been pushed to the wayside because people got wigged out when they heard about cloning sheep. They were just like, "No."

Jason Rigby (16:09):

Or that spider. Did you see the spider that they cloned? So they have a spider right now and they're doing this, that's creating bulletproof webbing.

Alexander McCaig (16:20):

That's super cool.

Jason Rigby (16:21):

Yeah. And then it creates the fiber and then they take the fiber and they're putting it into bulletproof vests.

Alexander McCaig (16:26):

So you've enhanced the spider.

Jason Rigby (16:27):

Yeah. They made a spider and then the silkworm and something else and put it together.

Alexander McCaig (16:34):

Can I ask you then another question? Can we-

Jason Rigby (16:36):

What's China doing? I guarantee you there's some sheep spiders walking around.

Alexander McCaig (16:44):

There's probably some half man, half pig thing going on.

Jason Rigby (16:47):

I want to go into that Wuhan clinic.

Alexander McCaig (16:50):

Yeah. What's going on over here? I'm thinking about it. Can we pump electrical signals into a cow and change their genetics and their cells so that they released less methane? Stop farting so much or burping?

Jason Rigby (17:06):

Yeah.

Alexander McCaig (17:06):

I don't know dude, I'm just saying.

Jason Rigby (17:07):

I mean, there's potential biological.

Alexander McCaig (17:08):

I've got a great idea. I have a great idea. What if plankton, like phytoplankton or algae, it loves carbon dioxide, loves it. What if we started electrically charging the ocean and just juicing up all these plankton blooms, good ones, ones that feed the fish and eat carbon dioxide, then you can use the blanket of the ocean electrically stimulated to grow this stuff and then decrease the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Dude, I'm on it. I'm on it. I'm on it this morning. The creativity is flowing.

Jason Rigby (17:42):

I love it.

Alexander McCaig (17:42):

Are you seeing that though? We just charging up the water and the plankton just go...

Jason Rigby (17:46):

Yeah. And we're just sending that information to just go wild, be free. Recreate-

Alexander McCaig (17:50):

Yeah. Freedom, happiness, grow.

Jason Rigby (17:52):

Right. I'm wondering if you could do that on things that are the opposite, like invasive species.

Alexander McCaig (17:58):

Whoa.

Jason Rigby (17:59):

You see what I'm saying?

Alexander McCaig (18:00):

See, now you're on the other side of the sword here.

Jason Rigby (18:01):

I am always on the other side of the sword, unfortunately. And none on the tip side.

Alexander McCaig (18:06):

We're trying to carve a positive path in the future.

Jason Rigby (18:08):

No, but that is positive because you have-

Alexander McCaig (18:10):

No. I know. Yeah, yeah, yeah.

Jason Rigby (18:11):

I mean, you heard about in Michigan. They made the water so clear that it was too clear. Those muscles or whatever that came in there and they were so invasive, they took it over. And they were filtering the water so much that you could see down to the bottom and so fish were like... Because you need structure and some murkiness.

Alexander McCaig (18:26):

Yeah. We're like Asian shore crabs. They come over in the ballast of ships and then these things were killing out all the other crabs on the Eastern seaboard. It's like all those things. And what if you electrically charge them that says, "Ah, we don't want to be in this area. Not good for our cells."

Jason Rigby (18:40):

Yes.

Alexander McCaig (18:40):

Yeah. That's interesting.

Jason Rigby (18:42):

There's so much potential with this. But see this is where science does its best work, is when it's focused on biological aspects to raise the level of humanity.

Alexander McCaig (18:52):

Yeah. To evolve humanity.

Jason Rigby (18:54):

Yeah.

Alexander McCaig (18:54):

Yeah. That's cool.

Jason Rigby (18:55):

And when we're learning from nature, not trying to control nature.

Alexander McCaig (18:59):

Oh, I love that. That's when you're working with it.

Jason Rigby (19:02):

Yes. And that's where we're at our best, I think.

Alexander McCaig (19:04):

That's super cool. Well, listen, hopefully we get those plankton blooms in the ocean.

Jason Rigby (19:09):

Blooming.

Speaker 1 (19:17):

Thank you for listening to TARTLE Cast, with your hosts Alexander McCaig and Jason Rigby. Where humanity steps into the future and the source data defines the path. What's your data worth?